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1999: Google's first production server
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3 2 1 Backup Strategy
Prevent data loss from local disasters or hardware failure.
Key Components of the 3-2-1 Rule
- 3 Copies of Data: The original data plus two backups.
- 2 Different Media Types: Store backups on at least two different storage types to avoid simultaneous failure (e.g., local hard drive, NAS, tape, or cloud).
- 1 Off-site Copy: Keep at least one backup in a physically separate, secure, off-site location to protect against local disasters (fire, theft, flood).
Variations
- 3-2-1-1-0 Rule: An enhanced version requiring 3 copies, 2 media, 1 off-site, 1 immutable (unchangeable) copy, and 0 errors.
- 3-2-2 Rule: An alternative that adds a second off-site copy for increased redundancy.
Media Types with pros/cons
External SSD (Flash)
Fast and durable but data loss may occur if left unplugged long-term.
External HDD (Hard Drive)
Fragile but long term.
NAS (a small storage pc on the network)
Runs 24/7, RAID ability to avoid disk failure, automate backups to cloud, but consumes power (5-10€/month of electricity). Use Tailscale to access it from outside the local network.
Regular Cloud (Google Drive, iCloud)
Cheap and easy to use but data privacy and security is not ensured (no SLA or control over replications).
Public Cloud (AWS, GCP)
Harder to configure but offer more control over data location and replication. Very high SLA but pricing can be higher than regular cloud. Recovering the data may be long and expensive depending on the selected product (e.g. AWS S3 Glacier Deep Archive is cheap but with high wait time and cost to get data out).
LTO Tape Storage
Enterprise grade long term magnetic data storage solution. Many iterations and high capacity for cheap cartridges. The hardware may be expensive but can be founds used on eBay.
Latency is very high but good when rarely accessed.
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